Immune Dysfunction and Coinfection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and<i>Schistosoma japonicum</i>in Yi People
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective. To explore the association between infections with HIV andSchistosoma japonicum, and to determine the influences of the HIV-S. japonicumcoinfections on the immune system of Yi people.Methods. A block design study was conducted in a Yi county in southwestern China, one of the endemic areas of both HIV/AIDS andS. japonicumin China. All participants were screened for HIV antibodies andS. japonicumantibodies (SjAb) and were classified into four groups: HIV(+)/S. japonicum(−), HIV(−)/S. japonicum(+), HIV(+)/S. japonicum(+), and HIV(−)/S. japonicum(−).Results. There were significant differences among the four groups in both CD4+T lymphocytes and CD8+T lymphocytes, but no significant difference in CD3+T lymphocytes. Both the CD4+T lymphocyte counts and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+were lower in HIV-infected people compared with those uninfected. People infected withS. japonicumhad increased CD4+T lymphocyte counts but reduced CD8+T lymphocyte counts. Similarly, the ratio of CD4+/CD8+was higher inS. japonicum-infected people compared with those uninfected. People coinfected with HIV andS. japonicumhad lower CD4+T lymphocyte counts, lower ratio of CD4+/CD8+, and higher CD8+T lymphocyte counts compared with those infected with HIV only orS. japonicumonly. People infected with HIV only and those coinfected with HIV andS. japonicumhad a higher level of IFN-γcompared with people with no infection. There were no significant differences between people infected with HIV only and withS. japonicumonly in the levels of IFN-γand IL-10.Conclusions. People coinfected with HIV andS. japonicummight have a suppressed immune function because of a decrease in CD4+T lymphocyte counts, a lowered ratio of CD4+/CD8+, and an increase in CD8+T lymphocyte counts. Coinfection with HIV andS. japonicumwould alter the level of IFN-γin plasma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".