Immune Dysfunction and Coinfection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and<i>Schistosoma japonicum</i>in Yi People
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective . To explore the association between infections with HIV and Schistosoma japonicum , and to determine the influences of the HIV- S. japonicum coinfections on the immune system of Yi people. Methods . A block design study was conducted in a Yi county in southwestern China, one of the endemic areas of both HIV/AIDS and S. japonicum in China. All participants were screened for HIV antibodies and S. japonicum antibodies (SjAb) and were classified into four groups: HIV(+)/ S. japonicum (−), HIV(−)/ S. japonicum (+), HIV(+)/ S. japonicum (+), and HIV(−)/ S. japonicum (−). Results . There were significant differences among the four groups in both CD4 + T lymphocytes and CD8 + T lymphocytes, but no significant difference in CD3 + T lymphocytes. Both the CD4 + T lymphocyte counts and the ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + were lower in HIV-infected people compared with those uninfected. People infected with S. japonicum had increased CD4 + T lymphocyte counts but reduced CD8 + T lymphocyte counts. Similarly, the ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + was higher in S. japonicum -infected people compared with those uninfected. People coinfected with HIV and S. japonicum had lower CD4 + T lymphocyte counts, lower ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + , and higher CD8 + T lymphocyte counts compared with those infected with HIV only or S. japonicum only. People infected with HIV only and those coinfected with HIV and S. japonicum had a higher level of IFN- γ compared with people with no infection. There were no significant differences between people infected with HIV only and with S. japonicum only in the levels of IFN- γ and IL-10. Conclusions . People coinfected with HIV and S. japonicum might have a suppressed immune function because of a decrease in CD4 + T lymphocyte counts, a lowered ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + , and an increase in CD8 + T lymphocyte counts. Coinfection with HIV and S. japonicum would alter the level of IFN- γ in plasma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".