Short communication: Relationships among plasma and milk vitamin B12, plasma free fatty acids, and blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in early lactation dairy cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between plasma and milk concentrations of vitamin B12 as well as the relationship between plasma or milk concentrations of vitamin B12 and plasma concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) or blood concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) of early lactating Ayrshire (AY) and Holstein (HO) cows. A total of 44 dairy herds (7 AY and 37 HO herds) and 62 AY (21 in first, 19 in second, and 22 in third and more lactations) and 228 HO (51 in first, 74 in second, and 103 in third and more lactation) cows between 3 and 40 d in milk were involved in the study. Hand-stripped milk samples and blood samples were taken 6 h after the morning milking. Milk and plasma samples were analyzed for vitamin B12 concentration and plasma samples were analyzed for FFA concentration. A handheld device was used for blood BHB concentration determination. Thresholds for elevated plasma FFA concentration and hyperketonemia were set at ≥0.70 and ≥1.2 mmol/L, respectively. Vitamin B12 concentration in milk of AY primiparous cows [2,557 (1,995–3,276) pg/mL] was lower than in milk from HO primiparous cows [3,876 (3,356–4,478) pg/mL], whereas no difference was observed among other parities and breeds. Regardless of breeds, plasma concentration of vitamin B12 of first and second parities was lower than plasma concentration of third and more lactation cows. Milk vitamin B12 concentration was positively correlated with plasma vitamin B12 concentration, but the relationship was stronger for AY (ρ averaging 0.63) than for HO cows (ρ averaging 0.36). For AY and HO breeds, a significant relationship between milk or plasma vitamin B12 concentrations and plasma FFA concentration (ρ between 0.29 and 0.59) was observed. Moreover, cows with elevated plasma FFA concentration had greater milk and plasma vitamin B12 concentrations than cows with normal plasma FFA concentration. No relationship between vitamin B12 concentration in milk or plasma and blood BHB concentration and hyperketonemia was noted. In summary, milk is not well correlated with plasma vitamin B12 concentration for HO. It could be hypothesized that elevated plasma concentration of FFA could have a negative effect on the use of vitamin B12 by cow cells, which increases the concentration of the vitamin in plasma and its secretion in milk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".