Effect of <i>PPARGC1A</i> Gly428Ser (rs8192678) polymorphism on athletic sports performance: A meta-analysis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Genetics plays a role in sports performance (SP) which, in this study, is measured by power and endurance activities as well as a mix between the two. However, variable results from genetic association studies warrant a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates of the association between PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism and SP. Methods Multi-database literature search yielded 14 articles (16 studies) for inclusion. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used in estimating associations. Summary effects were modified based on statistical power. Subgroups were SP (power, endurance and mixed) and race (Caucasians and Asians). Heterogeneity was assessed with the I 2 metric and its sources examined with outlier analysis. Results Gly allele effects significantly favoring SP (OR > 1.0, P < 0.05) form the core of our findings in: (i) the homogeneous overall effect at the post-modified, post-outlier level (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.25, P = 0.01, I 2 = 0%); (ii) initially homogeneous power SP (ORs 1.22-1.25, 95% CI 1.05-1.44, P = 0.003-0.008, I 2 = 0%) which precluded outlier treatment; (iii) pre-outlier Caucasian outcomes (ORs 1.29-1.32, 95% CI 1.12-1.54, P = 0.0005) over that of Asians with a pooled null effect (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.72-1.99, P = 0.53-0.92); (iv) homogeneous all > 80% (ORs 1.19-1.38, 95% CI 1.05-1.66, P = 0.0007-0.007, I 2 = 0%) on account of high statistical power (both study-specific and combined). In contrast, none of the Ser allele effects significantly favored SP and no Ser-Gly genotype outcome favored SP. The core significant outcomes were robust and comparisons subjected to publication bias test showed no evidence of it. Conclusion Lines of evidence show that the Gly allele effects favor SP. These were observed in the overall, Caucasians and statistically powered comparisons which exhibited consistent significance, stability, robustness, precision and lack of bias, all of which provide good evidence of associations between the Gly allele and SP. List of abbreviations A Asian ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme ACTN3 Alpha (α)-actinin 3 AM Analysis model ANOVA Analysis of variance df Degree of freedom ES Elevated significance C Caucasian CB Clark-Baudouin CI Confidence interval CID Confidence interval difference E Endurance EH Eliminated heterogeneity F Fixed-effects Fs Favoring SP Ds Disfavoring SP Gly Glycine GS Gain in significance Het Heterogeneity HWE Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium I 2 Measure of variability expressed in % K Number designation of the study Li Lithuania Log OR Logarithm of OR M Mixed maf Minor allele frequency M-H Mantel-Haenszel
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it