Investigating the Shear Strength of Concrete Box Culverts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of a preliminary series of reinforced concrete shear experiments on precast concrete box culverts. The specimens were half-boxes tested under uniform load with a passive tie-bar to allow full determination of the internal moment throughout the testing process. A total of 12 specimens were tested of which 6 failed in shear. The paper includes crack diagrams and a discussion of the experimental results. Existing numerical models based on the Modified Compression Field Theory are shown to model the load-deformation of the tests well in terms of the location of the inflection point in the slab. The test results indicate that the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC), which has similar sectional shear strength prediction equations as the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, provide conservative estimates of the shear strength of box culverts. The AASHTO LRFD special box culvert shear design rules are conservative for thin slabs but unconservative for very thick slabs, say greater than 16 inches deep, and they provide a less uniform level of safety than the CHBDC provisions. A potential explanation for the conservative results is presented and shown to explain the test results well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".