Simulations of bubbly two-phase flow in hydraulic jumps of relatively high Reynolds number
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydraulic jumps on a large scale are turbulent, with high Reynolds number. It has been proven difficult to achieve this in previous studies of jumps as two-phase flow. This paper aims to investigate the behaviours of two-phase flow and air entrainment in jumps at relatively high Reynolds numbers. Model predictions of both oscillating and steady jumps at multiple values of Froude number are reported, along with verifications of the predictions using air volume fraction (AVF) measurements, and analytical and empirical solutions for the height of jump, roller length, and free surface. The model captures the macroscopic characters of the two types of jumps and velocity structures. The predicted AVF distributions are consistent with the velocity structures. For steady jumps, AVF profiles are roughly bell-shaped, but are heavier-tailed upward than downward. For oscillating jumps, AVF profiles are even more asymmetrical. The Reynolds number affects air entrainment and transport in two-phase flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".