Neuro-Metabolite Changes in a Single Season of University Ice Hockey Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Previous research has shown evidence for transient neuronal loss after repetitive head impacts as demonstrated by a decrease in N-acetytaspartate (NAA). However, few studies have investigated other neuro-metabolites that may be altered in the presence of repetitive subconcussive head impacts (RSHI). Objective: The aim of this study was to identify alterations in brain metabolites over time as well as to characterize sex-specific differences in response to RSHI. Methods: Thirty-three collegiate ice hockey players (17 males and 16 females) underwent 3T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the corpus callosum and neurocognitive evaluation before and after the Canadian Interuniversity Sports (CIS) ice hockey season 2011-2012. The MRS voxel was placed in the corpus callosum. Pre- and postseason neurocognitive performances were assessed using the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT). Results: A significant decrease in NAA was observed from preseason to postseason (p=0.001). Furthermore, a trend towards a decrease in total choline (Cho) was observed (p=0.044). Although no overall effect was observed for glutamate (Glu) over the season, a difference was observed with the females showing a decrease in Glu and males showing an increase in Glu, though this was not statistically significant (p=0.039). In both males and females, a negative correlation was observed between changes in Glu and changes in verbal memory (p=0.008). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate changes in absolute concentrations of neuro-metabolites following exposure to RSHI. Results suggest that changes in Glutamate are correlated with changes in verbal memory. Future studies need to investigate further the association between brain metabolites and clinical outcome as well as sex-specific differences in the brain’s response to RSHI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".