Manuscript Maps That Imitate Printed Maps: Some Examples in Early Spanish American Cartography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From the early days of the colonization of the Americas, the Spanish crown needed to ascertain and represent the new overseas territories for control and demarcation purposes. In the last third of the sixteenth century, the instrument that was designed to carry out the project of representation of the New World was that of surveys. This great project is known as Relaciones Geográficas de Indias (Geographical Relations of the Indies). Local authorities had to answer questions about geography, topography, toponymy, resources, etc. In addition, a map of the region was requested. In this corpus, a set of maps is found characterized by a distinctive style, in that they strive to imitate the style of the printed maps that were being made in Europe at the time. These maps followed an inverse trend to that observed in the first printed maps, which strove to imitate the style of hand-drawn maps. Following a search in the General Archive of the Indies in Seville (Spain) and in the Benson Latin American Collection at the University of Texas at Austin, in which a total of seven maps were located, a descriptive study of these maps was carried out.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".