Immunotoxicity of aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub>: as a potent suppressor of innate and acquired immune systems in a subacute study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Although, to date, there have been several in vitro and in vivo studies of immunomodulatory effects of aflatoxin M1 (AFB1), little is known about the effect of AFM1 on various aspects of innate and acquired immunity. In the present study, AFM1 was administered intraperitoneally, at doses of 25 and 50 μg kg−1, body mass for 28 days and various immunological parameters were measured. RESULTS Several parameters related to immune function were suppressed: organ mass, cellularity of spleen, proliferation response to lipopolysaccaride and phytohemagglutinin‐A, hemagglutination titer, delayed type of hypersensitivity response, spleen cell subtypes, serum hemolytic activity, serum immunoglobulin G level and cytokine production. AFM1 did not cause changes in body mass, hematological parameters or the concentration of immunoglobulin M in blood serum. Conclusions Overall, the data suggested that AFM1 suppressed innate and acquired immunity. Therefore, with respect to consumer safety, it is extremely important to further control the level of AFM1 in milk, and this should be considered as a precedence for risk management actions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".