Application of keratinocyte monolayer-based bioassay to show enhanced bioavailability of ginseng polysaccharides nanoparticles
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Panax quinquefolius (North Am. ginseng), is known to contain ginsenosides and polysaccharides (PS). The latter has low bioavailability due to its high hydrophilicity and large molecular size. We have prepared various nanoparticles of ginseng PS (NPPS) and we were able to show enhanced skin penetration and protection against UV-induced skin injury compared to regular PS. In this study, we established an in vitro skin model to study the topical bioavailability of ginseng PS and NPPS. The model consists of HaCaT keratinocytes cultured in a transwell insert with the apical and basolateral side in contact with media. The test materials (PS and NPPS) were added to the apical compartment and sample was collected over a period of 24 hours from the basolateral compartment to determine the accumulation of the test material. Due to the lack of chromophores on ginseng PS molecules, it is difficult to quantite PS. To address this, two analytical methods were used.1. Bioassay based on stimulation of nitrite production by RAW 264.7 cells: it was shown that at similar collection times, the stimulatory effect of NPPS was greater than that of PS. 2. The use of 5-fluorescein-labelled PS and, the measurement of fluorescence intensity to determine analyte concentrations and distribution in vitro. Both methods were able to show seven-fold higher penetration of NPPS across keratinocyte monolayer. Data also suggests that penetration by NPPS was not time dependant. These results in vitro are consistent with our previous in vivo observations in hairless mice after topical application.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it