Alteration of gold nuggets enriched with Platinum Group Elements (PGEs)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of incorporation, the form, and the solid-state solubility of Platinum Group Elements (PGEs) in gold nuggets at the nanoscale is critical to future works in gold (Au) nanoscale crystallography. Current works looking at similar samples include Mineral company research into extraction methods of similar samples and research in progress at the University of Western Austral using the alloy of the Au samples for medical purposes. \n \nThe work completed by this this used Au nugget samples that were taken from Ruby Creek, British Columbia, Canada. The geology specific to the Au samples used is a sub type of the placer alluvial is: Atlin gold placers, which are known for hosting a variety of metals, specific to the Atlin region. \n \nTraditional thought for Au nuggets for monocrystalline structures. This steams from research completed by the minerals industry to extract the gold that lent into mineralogical studies. The gold rich rim consists of spherical particles that do not display the silver rich core parallel lamellae texture. The core structure is truncated where it meets the rim of the particle. No PGE particles within the sample area observed. \n \nAs seen with previous studies the Au samples display a rim that is silver (Ag) enriched. The rim could be a leaching mechanism experience by the gold in the presence of aqueous material. The relationship between the Au and the Ag was established as inversely proportional. The PGEs accumulated in the rounded, poly crystalline nanoparticulate Au-rich rim. The rim exhibited greater porosity within this rim area. \n \nMajority of gain boundaries in the silver rich core of gold particles show a pile up of dislocations which result in multiplication of the diffraction maxima. The rim observed on the Au nugget samples were shown to have a PGE accumulation of between 10 to 20 μm. \n \nThe presence of the PGEs in solid solution is likely due to their relatively low concentrations and/or association with other trace elements such as Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se) and Sulphur (S), which may help to dissolve PGEs in the gold structure. The distribution seen of the PGEs suggests that during alteration of gold particles under supergene conditions, PGEs are subjected to the enrichment process due to a selective dissolution of Ag. Homogeneous distribution of Ru, Rh and Pd in the gold matrix and lack of PGEs nanoparticles in the pores support this postulation. \n \nThe irrefutable evidence obtained from this study is that the PGEs are in solid solution in crystal structure in this sample. Exsolution does not occur at the nanoscale. It can also be said that during the process of alteration, the PGE accumulate in the Ag removed area. \n \nThe interest in this project will extend into Nano-SIMS academic activity to have a closer look at the isotopic complexity and to look at the distribution of isotopes of PGEs in gold sample. Looking for exsolution at absolute nanoscales and to see if the isotopes of the PGEs fractionate in the gold formation are also main features of the future work in this area of mineralogy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".