COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE IN ADMINISTRATION OF VALUE ADDED TAX
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of the article is to carry out a comparative analysis of foreign and national experience in the administration of value added tax; to outline the content of this tax, to define its role in the tax systems of foreign countries, as well as clarify the features of charging value added tax in individual foreign countries.The subject of the study is foreign and national experience of Ukraine in the administration of value added tax.Methodology.The methodological basis of this research is a comparison of the features of the administration of value added tax in Ukraine and foreign countries.Based on the aspects of the administration of VAT in Canada, Belgium, France, Great Britain, and others, the advantages and disadvantages of different conditions for charging VAT are highlighted.On the basis of the comparative legal analysis, the possibilities of the application and implementation of foreign experience in the national VAT administration are determined.The results of the study revealed that, in the activities of tax authorities, international experience of the administration of value added tax implies the consolidation of rigorous methods of influencing tax entities through applying appropriate penalties.However, this aspect is combined with a high level of legal awareness and law-abidingness of tax entities.In addition, foreign experience involves the active use of information technology in the administration of VAT, which facilitates its charging and increases its efficiency.Practical implications.Positive international experience of the administration of VAT confirms that improvement of the quality of this mechanism requires providing centralization of the tax administration in the state; intensifying the implementation of the latest technologies in this process; increasing citizens' legal consciousness in taxation, and so force.Relevance/originality.A comparative analysis of the features of the administration of value added tax is the basis for the development of national experience in this field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".