Spotlight on the New Natural Surfactant Flooding in Carbonate Rock Samples in Low Salinity Condition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Recently, utilization of surfactant for EOR purposes in carbonate petroleum reservoirs has received the attention of many researchers. Surfactants generally appear to improve oil production through wettability alteration and reduction of interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water phases. Loss of surfactant due to adsorption process is considered as an unfavorable phenomenon in surfactant flooding while conducting an EOR operation. In this study, a new plant-derived surfactant, called Zyziphus Spina Christi (ZSC), with various magnitudes of salinity is employed. The adsorption behavior of this surfactant is investigated using the conductivity approach to explore the impacts of salt concentration on adsorption rate through batch tests. Core flooding tests are also conducted to study the effects of surfactant/salinity on recovery factor and relative permeability. Employing the kinetics and isotherm models, MgCl 2 and KCl exhibit the greatest and lowest influence on the adsorption phenomenon, respectively. It is also concluded that the pseudo-second order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model can satisfactorily describe the adsorption behavior of the surfactant onto carbonates in the presence of salt for the kinetics and equilibrium tests conditions, respectively. According to the production history, it is found that increasing surfactant concentration leads to a considerable increase in oil relative permeability and consequently improvement of oil recovery.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".