Upregulation of SIRT1 by Kartogenin Enhances Antioxidant Functions and Promotes Osteogenesis in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease involving both articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Kartogenin (KGN) was recently identified to improve in vivo cartilage repair; however, its effect on bone formation is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of KGN on antioxidant properties and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs). Human BM‐MSCs were treated with KGN at concentrations ranging from 10 −8 M to 10 −6 M. Our results indicated that KGN improved cell proliferation and attenuated intracellular reactive oxygen species. The levels of antioxidant enzymes and osteogenic differentiation of BM‐MSCs were enhanced by KGN in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, KGN‐treated BM‐MSCs showed upregulation of silent information regulator type 1 (SIRT1) and increased phosphorylation of adenosine 5 ′ ‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), indicating that KGN activated the AMPK‐SIRT1 signaling pathway in BM‐MSCs. Inhibition of SIRT1 by nicotinamide reversed the antioxidant effect of KGN on BM‐MSCs and suppressed osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that KGN improved intracellular antioxidant properties and promoted osteogenic differentiation of BM‐MSCs by activating the AMPK‐SIRT1 signaling pathway. Thus, KGN may have the potential for not only articular cartilage repair but also the clinical application of MSCs in bone tissue engineering.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".