The spike onset zone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether the maximum hemodynamic response to scalp interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) corresponds to the region where IEDs originate and from where they propagate. <h3>Methods</h3> We studied 19 patients who underwent first an EEG-fMRI showing responses in the gray matter, and then intracranial EEG (iEEG). We coregistered the hemodynamic responses to the iEEG electrode contacts and analyzed IEDs in the iEEG channel adjacent to a maximum response (labeled the <i>main channel</i>), in relation to IEDs in other channels during a widespread intracranial IED event. IEDs in the main channel were aligned at their peak, and IEDs in each channel were averaged time-locked to these instants. The beginning and peak of IEDs in the averaged trace were identified, blinded to the identity of the main channel. The latency of IEDs was computed between the earliest and all other channels. <h3>Results</h3> The median latency of IEDs in the main channel was significantly smaller than in other channels for either the peak (15.5 vs 67.5 milliseconds, <i>p</i> = 0.00037) or the beginning (46.5 vs 118.4 milliseconds, <i>p</i> = 0.000048). The latency of IED was significantly correlated to the distance from the maximum hemodynamic response (<i>p</i> < 0.0001 for either the peak or the beginning). <h3>Conclusion</h3> IED adjacent to a maximum hemodynamic response, which often corresponds to the seizure onset zone, is more likely to precede IEDs in remote locations during a widespread intracranial discharge. Thus, EEG-fMRI is a unique noninvasive method to reveal the origin of IEDs, which we propose to label the spike onset zone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".