CO<sub>2</sub> Enrichment in Anode Loop and Correlation with CO Poisoning of Low Pt Anodes in PEM Fuel Cells
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In automotive fuel cell systems anode fuel re‐circulation is often used to achieve high hydrogen utilization rates which reduces the hydrogen consumption of the fuel cell car, as well as it is an appropriate way to control hydrogen emissions. During operation hydrogen is consumed, while residual gases increase in the previously mentioned hydrogen loop. Besides nitrogen, we have found that CO 2 accumulates in the anode loop and concentrations between 150–350 ppm were measured for varying current densities. We attribute this finding to CO 2 crossover from the cathode to the anode and subsequent enrichment in the anode loop. To study the effect of this relatively small CO 2 ‐concentration on the cell performance, tests were conducted with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) 45 cm 2 single test cell with contaminated hydrogen/air feed. The data clearly indicate that electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO takes place which has a significant impact on the cell performance due to blocked catalyst sites by CO affecting the current density of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). The measurements with hydrogen containing CO 2 were matched with hydrogen plus CO measurements to quantify the impact and to determine a “CO‐equivalent concentration” for CO 2 . Consequences for the operation strategy of fuel cell systems are given.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it