Ground flaxseed reverses protection of a reduced-fat diet against <i>Citrobacter rodentium</i>-induced colitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flaxseed is high in ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and lignans known to lower cholesterol levels. However, its use for prevention or treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases has yielded mixed results, perhaps related to dietary interactions. In this study, we evaluated the impact of ground flaxseed supplementation on the severity of Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis in the setting of either a high-fat (HF, ~36%kcal) or reduced-fat (RF, ~12%kcal) diet. After weaning, C57BL/6 mice ( n = 8-15/treatment) were fed ground flaxseed (7 g/100 g diet) with either HF (HF Flx) or RF (RF Flx) diets for 4 wk before infection with C. rodentium or sham gavage. Weight changes, mucosal inflammation, pathogen burden, gut microbiota composition, tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cecal short-chain fatty acids were compared over a 14-day infection period. The RF diet protected against C. rodentium-induced colitis, whereas the RF Flx diet increased pathogen burden, exacerbated gut inflammation, and promoted gut dysbiosis. When compared with the RF diet, both HF and HF Flx diets resulted in more severe pathology in response to C. rodentium infection. Our findings demonstrate that although an RF diet protected against C. rodentium-induced colitis and associated gut dysbiosis in mice, beneficial effects were diminished with ground flaxseed supplementation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results demonstrate a strong protective effect of a reduced-fat diet against intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, and pathogen burden during Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. However, ground flaxseed supplementation in the setting of a reduced-fat diet exacerbated colitis despite higher levels of intestinal n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cecal short-chain fatty acids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".