Biomechanical Analysis of the Stroking Cycle in the Sport of Sledge Hockey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this thesis is to investigate the stroking cycle used to produce skating in the sport of sledge hockey identifying possible performance enhancing stroke mechanics and potential skating introduced mechanisms of injury.Sledge hockey is a full body contact para-sport, where the skating motion is produced solely from the upper limbs using two sticks with picks that make contact with the ice surface.The research presented is comprised of two studies.Results are first of its kind for the sport of sledge hockey.Study 1 investigates free fall downward poling in sledge hockey at three drop heights for three fixed elbow angles (flexed, mid, and extended).An anatomically correct (mesomorph male) mechanical prototype (𝑆𝐿𝐴𝑀 -80), with a solid-static upper limb-stick system (solid segments linked with fixed joints) produces a free fall downward pole upon release of the support strap.Results indicate an extended elbow produces the least increase in shoulder joint reaction force at the most propulsive stick angle.Results suggest extending the elbow is slightly more efficient (0.02 N W ⁄ , Newton-Watt) when producing propulsive forces during limb extension (downward pole) compared to a flexed elbow.Overall, free fall downward poling in sledge hockey produces 2.0 times bodyweight (𝐵𝑊) upon impact.Study 2 investigates task naïve double poling for a start stroke, mid stroke, and restricted stroke (mimics Study 1) during off-ice skating.Participants propelled themselves through a motion capture -4 force plate system.Results indicate an initial spiking force occurs at stick impact ≤ 3.1 times 𝐵𝑊 with only ≤ 0.4 times 𝐵𝑊 of force at push-off.Stick initial impact was determined to be a potential mechanism for injury.Validation of 𝑆𝐿𝐴𝑀 -80 was provided from Study 2 results permitting future investigations of spiking impact forces without the use of human participants.Stroke kinematics (i.e., elbow joint angles, and stick iii impact and push-off angles) appear to be important factors for producing enhanced skating in sledge hockey.Interpretations from the results are provided suggesting mechanisms of potential injury that are introduced from skating in order to improve the understanding for injury prevention within the sport of sledge hockey.Next, I would like to thank my research assistant, Marcus Haefele.Through it all, for better or worse, we survived with smiles on our faces.Thank you, Mohamed Abdelazez, for providing unconditional
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".