Integration of a clinical pharmacist into a Canadian, urban emergency department: a prospective observational study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and cost implications generated by a newly integrated ED pharmacist in a Canadian urban, university-affiliated tertiary care hospital. METHODS: A pharmacist documented all interventions that took place over a 5-week period. Interventions were assessed by a review panel for clinical significance and probability of harm had the intervention not occurred. Direct medication cost and cost avoidance as a result of interventions were calculated. KEY FINDINGS: The ED pharmacist made 421 interventions during the study period, 204 (48%) interventions were accepted at the time they were presented to the prescriber. After review, 53.9% of interventions were considered significant, and 52.9% were given a probability of patient harm of ≥50% had the intervention not occurred. Interventions resulted in an increase in direct medication costs of $1270, but generated a cost avoidance of $160 709. The projected direct medication cost estimate for one year was $13 208 with a cost avoidance of over $1.6 million. CONCLUSION: The integration of a pharmacist into a Canadian ED resulted in patient care interventions that were assessed as clinically significant, with a substantial projected cost avoidance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".