Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Nova Scotian Institute of Science has amongst its members retired academics and government scientists, as well as those from many other walks of life with an interest in natural history and science.They have in common with high school and college students the experience of coming day to day with phrases and words such as molecular biology, molecular clocks, genetic engineering, genomes, genetic code, DNA and RNA.As well, there are terms like prokaryotes, eukaryotes, Archaea, symbiosis and endosymbiosis.Many of the older age group went to college before these became part of current vocabulary, while students with their limited focus on internet information tend to have a view that is far too narrow.This book on symbiosis by John Archibald of Dalhousie University, also one of our NSIS speakers, provides a readable and well explained tutorial for all.The author provides on the one hand a glimpse into the historical context and, on the other, a look at impact of the latest discoveries.He weaves a narrative in fascinating details about the scientists who have made key contributions.The book is illustrated by 11 informative figures/diagrams, several of which would have been more easily understood had they used a whole page.The book first summarizes what is known about cell structure in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and the genetic code.In the chapter "The Seeds of Symbiosis", we learn how it came to be realised that the organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts, whose ancestors were once free living microbes, became components of animal and plant cells.It seems that this was a result of being ingested but not digested by a host cell via endosymbiosis.This very ancient incorporation of cells is paralleled by more recent associations of a less intimate nature.For these, like the association of algae and fungi in lichens, we use the term 'Symbiosis', first used in a biological context by De Bary in 1878*.The eventual acceptance of the process of endosymbiosis, and the key role that it played in the evolution of eukaryotic organisms, only became recognized in the decades following the publication in 1970 by Lynn Margulis of 'The Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell'.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.374 | 0.308 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".