Concussion in Adolescents Impairs Heart Rate Response to Brief Handgrip Exercise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Test the hypotheses that (1) concussion in adolescents impairs autonomic neural control of heart rate (HR), and (2) HR reactivity improves with symptom resolution. DESIGN: Observational, case-control. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen concussed adolescents (8 female adolescents; age 15 ± 2 years) and 16 healthy controls (6 female adolescents, age 15 ± 2 years). INTERVENTION: All participants performed an isometric handgrip (IHG) at 30% maximum voluntary contraction lasting 30 seconds. Heart rate (electrocardiogram) and hemodynamic responses (photoplethysmographic Finometer) were recorded from 30 seconds of baseline and the last 10 seconds of handgrip. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The HR response (ΔHR) at the onset of moderate-intensity IHG using a mixed 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: A group × time interaction (P < 0.005) indicated that handgrip evoked a greater ΔHR among control participants (13 ± 10 beats/min) compared with concussed (6.4 ± 6.3 beats/min; group P = 0.63; time P < 0.001; d = 0.77). CONCLUSION: These preliminary results suggest that a concussion impairs the ability to elevate HR at the exercise onset and, given the nature of the task, this could be interpreted to reflect reduced ability to withdraw cardiovagal control. Therefore, the data support the hypothesis of neural cardiac dysregulation in adolescents diagnosed with concussion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The IHG test could aid concussion diagnosis and support return-to-play decisions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".