Transient Electromagnetic Emission Analysis Used to Study Controlled Switching of Ungrounded Shunt Capacitor Banks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Controlled switching has been used on Hydro-Quebec's high voltage (HV) network for about 25 years. Controlled switching has been generally proven to be quite efficient in controlling inrush currents and transient overvoltages. However, in certain circumstances, the system behaves in unexpected ways due to multiple prestrikes and dynamic voltage sharing between interconnected interrupters. This study focuses on switching capacitor banks with an ungrounded neutral. An innovative diagnostic system based on transient electromagnetic emissions analysis is used to confirm the presence of multiple prestrikes during energization of ungrounded capacitor bank. Simulations show that the third phase to close can be subjected to unexpected overvoltages which can result in a premature electrical making instant thus causing synchronization alarms and high inrush currents. This paper presents an analysis when switching a 120 kV 96 Mvar ungrounded neutral capacitor bank, using results obtained from the described system. Finally an optimized switching scheme is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".