Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first part of this study investigates gravity wave parameterization in the middle atmosphere, focusing on internal waves with a broad spectrum of phase speeds. A column model based on CIRA wind and temperature profiles is employed to assess the characteristics of the Hines Doppler-Spread (1997) and Warner-McIntyre-Scinocca (2001) nonorographic drag parameterizations for internal gravity waves. The Alexander-Dunkerton (1999) variant of Warner-McIntyre-Scinocca scheme is also briefly considered. \n \nThis study goes into more detail than previous comparisons by performing a spectral analysis of the momentum deposition and drag, and by examining the ability of each scheme to reproduce saturation. Comparisons with pure critical level filtering are also made, and it is found that Hines DSP mainly constitutes an enhancement to critical level absorption, while the Warner-McIntyre-Scinocca scheme produces substantially different wave drag profiles. We find several undesirable characteristics in the drag produced by the Hines scheme. For typical midlatitude profiles, it produces an abrupt onset of large accelerations that are confined to a relatively narrow layer. It is also unable to reproduce wave spectra consistent with observed saturation at high vertical wavenumbers. \n \nThe second part of this study investigates the generation mechanisms of the gravity waves over Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). We performed a series of simulations for a selection of the strongest peak events using WRF model to further investigate the characteristics and generation mechanisms of gravity wave peak events over NL. We studied three different peak events, 2003, 2008 and 2014. \n \nWe showed that gravity wave events in the winter hotspot region over NL can have both topographic and jet streak sources. In the cases we examined, one source of waves was the Torngat range on the northern coast of Labrador. However, the other two wave sources were in fact outside the hotspot region, and a combination of advection and propagation caused those packets to enter the hotspot in the middle atmosphere. We have demonstrated that topographic wave packets, which are normally assumed to remain stationary over the source, can in fact be advected far downstream from the source.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".