Wetting of Water Drops on a PMMA Substrate in Viscous Medium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a significant surge in the development of water repellant (superhydrophobic), oil repellent (superoleophobic) surfaces. Though these surfaces are well studied for air medium (inviscid), still there is a lack of fundamental understanding of wetting behavior in presence of surrounding viscous medium. In the present work, we investigate the wetting behaviour of water drops on a PMMA substrate surrounded by viscous oil medium for a wide range of viscosity ratio. The sessile drop is generated at the needle tip (J-needle for denser oil) close to the PMMA substrate to initiate the spreading of a water drop on the substrate. Experimentally measured contact angle at static equilibrium can well interpret the wetting behaviour of water drop on PMMA substrate placed in oil (surrounding medium). It is also observed that the theoretical values of water (drop)-oil and oil (drop)-water system satisfy the Young’s equation of two liquid system, but certain percentage errors are observed when compared to experimental results. These differences are interpreted in terms of interfacial energies of the two-liquid systems. In addition, ‘complementary hysteresis’ model recently put forward by Ozkan et al. [Surf. Topogr.: Metrol. Prop.2017,5,024002] is modified to study the wetting characteristics. Finally, based on the comparison of experimental and theoretical values, a short perspective is provided on the potential of a stable thin lubricant film under the droplet that changes the wetting characteristics of the substrate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".