Canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance: Retail food highlights, 2003–2012
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) is a collaborative, integrated program designed to track antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among enteric bacteria isolated from various livestock commodities along the food-producing continuum ("farm to fork") and in humans.Objective: To provide a summary of the prevalence and trends in AMR among select bacteria isolated from raw, fresh chicken, pork, and beef in 2012 at the retail food level and to link these data with other findings from CIPARS.Methods: Meat samples were collected from randomly selected geographic areas across Canada weighted by population for subsequent isolation of bacteria and interpretation of the associated AMR profiles.Salmonella, Campylobacter and generic Escherichia coli (E.coli) were tested in chicken, and E. coli was tested in beef and pork.Data were analyzed for 2012 and temporal and regional trends were examined between 2003 and 2012 by province/region.Results: Overall, resistance levels to Salmonella in retail chicken varied widely by region and year.For example, ceftiofur resistance to Salmonella in retail chicken was significantly lower in 2012 than in 2004 in Ontario and in Québec; however, among all regions sampled, resistance was significantly higher in 2012 compared to 2006.Across all regions sampled, resistance to Campylobacter in retail chicken was relatively low in 2012 (<16%) with the exception of tetracycline resistance.In 2012, ciprofloxacin resistance to Campylobacter in chicken declined in British Columbia but significantly increased in Ontario, compared to 2011.In 2012, β-lactam resistance to E. coli in retail beef remained low (≤1%) and was also relatively low comparable to previous years in pork. Conclusion:In Canada, as is the case worldwide, there is evidence of resistance to medically important antimicrobials among bacteria from retail meats.Resistance among organisms isolated from poultry, beef, and pork at the retail food level is characterized by wide variation over time and across different regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".