Development of Inorganic-organic Membranes Consisting of ZrO<sub>2</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O and Sulfonated-PES for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated inorganic-organic membranes consisting of sulfonated-poly(ether sulfone) (S-PES) and ZrO2·nH2O with the aim of improving proton conductivity and blocking methanol. We prepared excellent uniform membranes by the method using ZrOCl28H2O as a precursor. The proton conductivity of the ZrO2·nH2O/S-PES (EW=850) composite membrane with 50wt% ZrO2·nH2O content was about four times higher than that of S-PES (EW=850). On the other hand, the methanol permeability of the ZrO2·nH2O/S-PES (EW=850) composite membrane with 50wt% ZrO2·nH2O content was almost the same as that of S-PES (EW=850). These results mean in the composite membranes, the trade-off relationship between proton conductivity and methanol permeability found in S-PES was improved. The initial I-V performance of an MEA consisting of the ZrO2·nH2O/S-PES (EW=850) composite membrane with 50wt% ZrO2·nH2O content showed a maximum power density of 65 mW cm-2 at 260 mA cm-2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".