Radiologic and Pathological Investigation of Pseudarthrosis in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Distinguishing Between Inflammatory and Traumatic Etiology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathogenesis of pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) based on the pathological analysis of specimens harvested during surgery. METHODS: Radiographic and clinical data for 17 consecutive AS patients with pseudarthrosis were retrospectively analyzed. Meanwhile, the pathological analysis of specimens obtained during surgery was also performed. RESULTS: In total, 18 extensive Andersson lesions were included. Pseudarthrosis located at the apical region were noted in 12 patients. Complete ossified anterior longitudinal ligaments above or below pseudarthrosis and fracture through posterior elements or facet joints were observed in 7 and 6 lesions, respectively. The most definitive pathological characteristic in all cases was proliferating hypovascular edematous fibrous tissue involving disc, bone-disc border, and vertebral body. Fibrinoid necrosis, necrotic bone fragments, hemosiderin deposits, and active subchondral osteogenesis were found, indicating trauma process. Mild perivascular collections of inflammatory cells were detected in only 2 cases. CONCLUSION: AS-related pseudarthrosis is more likely to originate from mechanical trauma than inflammation. The above-mentioned radiological and histological findings showed that multiple mechanisms lead to the formation of pseudarthrosis. These mechanisms include excessive stress, insufficiency fracture, and an acute fracture involving a 3-column structure.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".