The Central Nervious System Acts as a Transducer of Stress-Induced Masculinization through Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone B
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Exposure to environmental stressors during early development has important implications for rescheduling many cellular and molecular mechanisms. In some fish species, environmental stressors, like high temperatures (HT), cause an increase in cortisol levels. In turn, this mechanism induces sex reversal of genotypic females, overriding genetic factors related to development of the gonad. However, the involvement of the brain in this process is not well clarified. In the present work, we investigated the mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone b ( crhb ) and its receptors ( crhr1 and crhr2 ), and found out that they were up-regulated at HT during the critical period of gonadal sex determination in medaka ( Oryzias latipes ), i.e., when the gonadal primordium is sexually labile. In order to clarify their roles in sex reversal, biallelic mutants for crhr1 and crhr2 were produced by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Remarkably, biallelic mutant of both loci ( crhr1 and crhr2 ) did not undergo female-to-male sex reversal upon HT exposition, whereas mutants for either crhr1 or crhr2 showed partial, or intersex phenotypes, suggesting that both crh receptors are required for HT-induced masculinization. Inhibition of this process in double crhr s mutants could be successfully rescued through the administration of the downstream effector of the hypothalamic-pituitary interrenal axis, the cortisol. Taken together, these results revealed for the first time the participation of the central nervous system acting as a transducer of masculinization induced by thermal stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".