The use of -<i>ing</i> and -<i>ndo</i> forms in sales contracts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper analyzes the use of the - ing and - ndo forms in English and Spanish in sales contracts. More specifically, it aims to answer three questions: 1. Do the - ing and the - ndo forms occur more frequently in sales contracts than in general language? 2. Do English sales contracts contain more - ing forms used in more syntactic functions than the Spanish - ndo in Spanish sales contracts? 3. Are both the - ing forms and the - ndo forms found in all or most parts of the sales contracts retained for this study? Our study is based on two comparable corpora of English and Spanish: a legal corpus containing sales contracts, and a general corpus. Our corpora provide the following answers to the questions posed: 1. Both the - ing and the - ndo forms occur more frequently in sales contracts than in general language; 2. There are more - ing forms in English sales contracts than there are - ndo forms in Spanish sales contracts, but in both cases, they are used in a variety of syntactic functions; 3. Both the - ing forms and the - ndo forms are found in most parts of the sales contracts used in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".