Quota-free Trade in Textiles and Clothing: Policy Issues and Options for ASEAN
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Constrained until 2005 by import quotas, the production and trade of textiles and clothing (T&C) has become widely dispersed with substantial losses in global income and welfare. Meanwhile, quota and tariff preferences from major importing countries have enabled a large number of developing economies to embark on this “starter industry” and to gain a larger market share than would have been the case under an open trade regime. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and India are expected to benefit most from a quota-free T&C trading environment but at the expense of many economies with preferential treatment, including a large number in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). There is, however, much scope and several options for the regional economies to mitigate some of the adverse repercussions. Suitable procurement and production mixes of imported inputs, including for up-scale applications in T&C, can yield preferential market access, for example, in the European Union and Canada. An integrated supply chain within ASEAN or linking ASEAN with South and/or East Asia can help global buyers, including those from the United States, to reduce their overdependence on and to offset supply problems from the PRC. Joint ventures with T&C firms in the PRC are an appealing option for the more developed ASEAN economies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".