Comparing the Effects of Dairy Saturated Fatty Acids from Butter and Cheese on Non‐Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men and Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to compare the impact of dairy saturated fatty acids (SFA) provided as cheese (CHEESE) or butter (BUTTER) on blood pressure, fasting glucose and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. The impacts of SFA from CHEESE were also compared to low SFA diet with either high monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and carbohydrate (CHO) content. METHODS These are preliminary data from 57 men and women, with abdominal obesity and with relatively low HDL‐C concentrations, enrolled in an on‐going multicenter randomized crossover controlled trial consisting of 5 isoenergetic diets of 4 weeks each (): 1) a diet rich in SFA from cheese (CHEESE); 2) a diet rich in SFA from butter (BUTTER); 3) a diet rich in mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA); 4) a diet rich in poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); and 5) a low‐fat, high carbohydrate diet (CHO). All foods were provided to participants in the context of this full feeding study. Fasting blood samples, office systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and anthropometric measurements were taken at the end of each intervention. RESULTS Mean age (±SD) of participants was 40.6 ± 13.6 years. Mean waist circumference was 107.7±11.3 cm in men and 94.9 ± 13.7 cm in women. No difference in body weight was observed among treatments. CHEESE compared with BUTTER had no significant impact on SBP (p=NS), DBP (p=NS), CRP (p=NS) and fasting glucose (p=NS) levels. CHEESE compared with the PUFA, MUFA and CHO diets also had no impact on these risk factors. There was also no statistically significant effect of diets on SBP (p=NS), DBP (p=NS), CRP (p=NS) or fasting glucose (p=NS) levels. CONCLUSIONS As part of an overall healthy diet, these results suggest no deleterious short‐term effects of SFA from dairy, irrespective of the source (butter or cheese), on non‐lipid cardiovascular risk factors in men and women with abdominal obesity and with relatively low HDL‐C levels. Support or Funding Information Dairy Research Cluster Initiative ( Dairy Farmers of Canada, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, the Canadian Dairy Network and the Canadian Dairy Commission) Macronutrient (% energy), calcium and sodium content of experimental diets CHEESE BUTTER MUFA PUFA CHO Lipids (%) 32 32 32 32 25 SFA (%) 13 13 6 6 6 MUFA (%) 14 14 21 14 14 PUFA (%) 5 5 5 12 5 Carbohydrates (%) 52 52 52 52 59 Proteins (%) 16 16 16 16 16 Calcium (mg/2500 kcal) 1261 812 812 812 842 Sodium (mg/2500 kcal) 2482 2480 2479 2479 2485
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".