TID Observations and Source Analysis During the 2017 Memorial Day Weekend Geomagnetic Storm Over North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We investigate ionospheric perturbations associated with traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) during the geomagnetic storm on Memorial Day weekend (28 May) 2017. Results show the presence of both equatorward propagating large‐scale TIDs (LSTIDs) and poleward propagating medium‐scale TIDs. Equatorward moving TIDs are connected with enhanced auroral activity owing to geomagnetic storm conditions, while poleward TIDs are believed to be induced by local atmospheric gravity wave sources originating from convection activities near the West Coast of North America. Measurements from magnetometers located in the west, central, and east regions of North America are used to evaluate energy inputs from the auroral belt, and these observations confirm that equatorward LSTIDs are due to geomagnetic disturbance. The observed LSTID waves were characterized by some uncommon features, such as horizontal wavefront stretching from coast to coast, aligned in the NW to SE direction, and propagating to the southwest (equatorward) direction during the storm main phase period. In contrast, during the recovery phase and on other experimental control days, the observed medium‐scale TIDs were characterized with relatively smaller wavelengths aligned in the NW to SE direction and propagate primarily in the northeast (poleward) direction. Our results also reveal that LSTID waves appear to travel faster in the central continental region compared to LSTIDs in the western and eastern regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".