Searching for Activity Markers that Approximate (VBNC) Legionella pneumophila Infectivity in Amoeba after Ultraviolet (UV) Irradiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an increasingly recognized threat to public health via aerosol exposures; with a variety of control measures including: water temperature/flow management and free chlorine used to reduce the risk of infection within healthcare centers. Despite these efforts, L. pneumophila often recolonizes plumbing systems after specific treatments, which prompted us to examine ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for a point-of-use, secondary control measure. Currently, there is no data on the efficacy of high (>254 nm) wavelength UV-C (100–280 nm) light inactivation of L. pneumophila with resuscitation of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells. We report for the first time L. pneumophila dose-responses for 268.6 nm and 288.6 nm UV-C, as compared to 256 nm, and demonstrate UV induced VBNC L. pneumophila remaining infectious to Acanthamoeba polyphaga during co-culture experiments. Findings were correlated to molecular-based activity assays to identify additional measures of L. pneumophila viability following UV disinfection compared to culture. A collection of viability markers may provide a more representative measure of risk compared to current culture-based detection, since UV-C irradiated L. pneumophila lose culturability, yet retain activity, increased ATP production, and the ability to be resuscitated by amoeba co-culture. This finding is significant as it identifies potential concern from VBNC cells following UV-C disinfection and the need for further research into the efficacy of UV inactivation as a point-of-use application for L. pneumophila control and management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".