Time course of interlimb strength transfer after unilateral handgrip training
Bibliographic record
Abstract
"Cross-education" is the increase in strength or functional performance of an untrained limb after unilateral training. A major limitation for clinical translation from unilateral injury includes knowledge on the minimum time for the emergence of crossed effects. Therefore, the primary purpose was to characterize the time course of bilateral strength changes during both "traditional" ( n = 11) and "daily" ( n = 8) unilateral handgrip training in neurologically intact participants. Traditional training included five sets of five maximal voluntary handgrip contractions 3 times/wk for 6 wk whereas daily training included the same number of sessions and contractions but over 18 consecutive days. Three pre- and one posttest session evaluated strength, muscle activation, and reflex excitability bilaterally. Time course information was assessed by recording handgrip force for every contraction in the trained limb and from a single contraction on every third training session in the untrained limb. Six weeks of traditional training increased handgrip strength in the trained limb after the 9th session whereas the untrained limb was stronger after the 12th session. This was accompanied by increased peak muscle activation and bilateral alterations in Hoffmann reflex excitability. Daily training revealed a similar number of sessions (15) were required to induce significant strength gains in the untrained limb (7.8% compared with 12.5%) in approximately half the duration of traditional training. Therefore, minimizing rest days may improve the efficiency of unilateral training when the trained limb is not the focus. Establishing a "dose" for the time course of adaptation to strength training is paramount for effective translation to rehabilitative interventions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Unilateral handgrip training using a "traditional" protocol (3 times/wk; 6 wk) increased strength bilaterally after 9 (trained arm) and 12 (untrained arm) sessions. "Daily" training (18 consecutive days) increased strength in the untrained limb in a similar number of training sessions, which was accomplished in approximately half the time. Within clinical populations when the focus is on the untrained limb, reducing rest days may optimize the recovery of strength.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".