Behavioral responses of honey bees,<i>Apis cerana</i>and<i>Apis mellifera</i>, to<i>Vespa mandarinia</i>marking and alarm pheromones
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The giant hornet, Vespa mandarinia is a predator of honey bees throughout its range in eastern Asia. The hornets’ behaviors are coordinated through pheromones; a marking pheromone is used to mark honey bee nests as a food source, and an alarm pheromone, comprised of three chemical components of their venom, is released when a hornet is attacked by honey bees. The Asian honey bee Apis cerana evolved in sympatry with the giant hornet. In contrast, the European honey bee, Apis mellifera and V. mandarinia evolved in allopatry, although A. mellifera colonies have been introduced within the hornet’s range. We investigated the responses of these two honey bee species to the V. mandarinia marking pheromone, two alarm pheromone chemicals individually, and the three alarm pheromone chemicals together. We applied these substances above hive entrances and photographically monitored pre- and post-treatment numbers of bees on the exterior of the hive near the entrance. A. cerana colonies responded to the marking pheromone by quickly retreating into the hive, causing the numbers of bees near the hive entrance to decrease quickly. The bees responded to the other two alarm pheromone components and the 3-compound alarm pheromone treatment by exiting their hive and increasing their activity at the entrance. A. mellifera colonies did not respond to any of the hornet chemical treatments. The marked differences in responses of the two honey bee species suggest that Asian honey bees are able to alter their behavior in response to one of their major predators while honey bees that are not exposed to this predator do not.Respuestas del comportamiento de las abejas melíferas, Apis cerana y Apis mellifera, a las feromonas de marcación y de alarma de Vespa mandariniaEl avispón gigante, Vespa mandarinia, es un depredador de las abejas melíferas en toda su área de distribución en Asia oriental. El comportamiento de los avispones se coordina a través de las feromonas: una feromona de marcación se utiliza para marcar los nidos de las abejas melíferas como fuente de alimento y una feromona de alarma, compuesta de tres componentes químicos de su veneno, se libera cuando un avispón es atacado por las abejas melíferas. La abeja asiática, Apis cerana, evolucionó en simpatría con el avispón gigante. En contraste, la abeja europea Apis mellifera y V. mandarinia evolucionaron en alopatría, aunque se han introducido colonias de A. mellifera en el área de distribución del avispón. Investigamos las respuestas de estas dos especies de abejas melíferas a la feromona de V. mandarinia, dos productos químicos de feromonas de alarma individualmente y los tres productos químicos de feromonas de alarma juntos. Aplicamos estas sustancias sobre las entradas de las colmenas y monitoreamos fotográficamente el número de abejas antes y después del tratamiento en el exterior de la colmena cerca de la entrada. Las colonias de A. cerana respondieron a la feromona de marcado retirándose rápidamente a la colmena, causando que el número de abejas cerca de la entrada de la colmena disminuyera rápidamente. Las abejas respondieron a los otros dos componentes de la feromona de alarma y al tratamiento de feromonas de alarma de 3 compuestos saliendo de su colmena y aumentando su actividad en la entrada. Las colonias de A. mellifera no respondieron a ninguno de los tratamientos químicos del avispón. Las marcadas diferencias en las respuestas de las dos especies de abejas melíferas sugieren que las abejas melíferas asiáticas son capaces de alterar su comportamiento en respuesta a uno de sus principales depredadores, mientras que las abejas melíferas que no están expuestas a este depredador no lo hacen.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it