PW 1000 Deaths by immersion in and around homes in canada, twenty-three years of epidemiology and failed policy: a built environment issue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background National population-based data on home drownings are scarce. They represent 17% (1995/11280) of submersion fatalities in Canada. Objective Assess circumstances of drownings in/around homes, i.e., activities, personal, equipment, environment. Methods Using structured questionnaires, coroners’ data were collected prospectively in 1991–2013 during national surveillance of water-related injury deaths. Population averaged 30 million. Findings 11 915 deaths included 11 280 immersions with drowning and/or hypothermia, 584 trauma 39 other 12 unknown. 18% (n=1,995) occurred at home and 5% (n=515) at cottages/cabins. Activities Bathing accounted for 43%(n=864), aquatic 23%(n=466), falls into water 28%(n=565), other knowns 6%(n=111), unknown 2%(n=36). Personal factors Victims were 60% male. 61% of females and 32% of males drowned in bathtubs. 32% of males drowned in swimming pools, 22% of females. Infants<1 year-old accounted for 3%(n=57) of deaths, toddlers 1–4 years-old 17%(n=344), 5–14 year-olds 5%(n=107), 15–24 year-olds 7%(n=140), 25–74 year-olds 51%(n=1014), and ≥75, 17%(333). 3% were indigenous peoples. Medical conditions included seizures 17%(n=353), mental disabilities 5%, depression 7%, alcoholism 10%, schizophrenia 2%, physical disabilities 5%, diabetes 5%, and acute medical condition such as cardiac 3%. For ≥15 years-olds, 29% were alcohol associated, 22% above 80 mg%, 5% below, 2% suspected, 48% zero; Illegal drugs 5%. 14% were non-swimmers, 3% weak. Environment 77% (n=1567) involved person-made structures: bathtubs 56%(n=877), swimming pools 36% (n=557), hot tubs 8%(n=119), ornamental ponds 1%(n=14). Flatwater, i.e., lakes, ponds, reservoirs and dugouts accounted for 11%(n=228), moving water, i.e., rivers and streams 5%(n=96), oceans<1%(n=6). Supervision/accompaniment For children 1–14 years old, 68% were alone, 22% with minors, and 10% with adults. Resuscitation CPR and/or rescue breathing was done for 55%. Trends There was a mean 87 deaths/year, 0.28/100,000 population/year and no significant change. Conclusion and policy implications Nearly all fatalities involved consumer products in built environments and should be avertable by design, eliminating or modifying pools and adult bathtubs. Alcohol and seizures were other modifiable hazards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".