PW 1000 Deaths by immersion in and around homes in canada, twenty-three years of epidemiology and failed policy: a built environment issue
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<h3>Background</h3> National population-based data on home drownings are scarce. They represent 17% (1995/11280) of submersion fatalities in Canada. <h3>Objective</h3> Assess circumstances of drownings in/around homes, i.e., activities, personal, equipment, environment. <h3>Methods</h3> Using structured questionnaires, coroners’ data were collected prospectively in 1991–2013 during national surveillance of water-related injury deaths. Population averaged 30 million. <h3>Findings</h3> 11 915 deaths included 11 280 immersions with drowning and/or hypothermia, 584 trauma 39 other 12 unknown. 18% (n=1,995) occurred at home and 5% (n=515) at cottages/cabins. <h3>Activities</h3> Bathing accounted for 43%(n=864), aquatic 23%(n=466), falls into water 28%(n=565), other knowns 6%(n=111), unknown 2%(n=36). <h3>Personal factors</h3> Victims were 60% male. 61% of females and 32% of males drowned in bathtubs. 32% of males drowned in swimming pools, 22% of females. Infants<1 year-old accounted for 3%(n=57) of deaths, toddlers 1–4 years-old 17%(n=344), 5–14 year-olds 5%(n=107), 15–24 year-olds 7%(n=140), 25–74 year-olds 51%(n=1014), and ≥75, 17%(333). 3% were indigenous peoples. Medical conditions included seizures 17%(n=353), mental disabilities 5%, depression 7%, alcoholism 10%, schizophrenia 2%, physical disabilities 5%, diabetes 5%, and acute medical condition such as cardiac 3%. For ≥15 years-olds, 29% were alcohol associated, 22% above 80 mg%, 5% below, 2% suspected, 48% zero; Illegal drugs 5%. 14% were non-swimmers, 3% weak. <h3>Environment</h3> 77% (n=1567) involved person-made structures: bathtubs 56%(n=877), swimming pools 36% (n=557), hot tubs 8%(n=119), ornamental ponds 1%(n=14). Flatwater, i.e., lakes, ponds, reservoirs and dugouts accounted for 11%(n=228), moving water, i.e., rivers and streams 5%(n=96), oceans<1%(n=6). <h3>Supervision/accompaniment</h3> For children 1–14 years old, 68% were alone, 22% with minors, and 10% with adults. <h3>Resuscitation</h3> CPR and/or rescue breathing was done for 55%. <h3>Trends</h3> There was a mean 87 deaths/year, 0.28/100,000 population/year and no significant change. <h3>Conclusion and policy implications</h3> Nearly all fatalities involved consumer products in built environments and should be avertable by design, eliminating or modifying pools and adult bathtubs. Alcohol and seizures were other modifiable hazards.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it