De novo sequencing of the Lavandula angustifolia genome reveals highly duplicated and optimized features for essential oil production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION: The first draft genome for a member of the genus Lavandula is described. This 870 Mbp genome assembly is composed of over 688 Mbp of non-gap sequences comprising 62,141 protein-coding genes. Lavenders (Lavandula: Lamiaceae) are economically important plants widely grown around the world for their essential oils (EOs), which contribute to the cosmetic, personal hygiene, and pharmaceutical industries. To better understand the genetic mechanisms involved in EO production, identify genes involved in important biological processes, and find genetic markers for plant breeding, we generated the first de novo draft genome assembly for L. angustifolia (Maillette). This high-quality draft reveals a moderately repeated (> 48% repeated elements) 870 Mbp genome, composed of over 688 Mbp of non-gap sequences in 84,291 scaffolds with an N50 value of 96,735 bp. The genome contains 62,141 protein-coding genes and 2003 RNA-coding genes, with a large proportion of genes showing duplications, possibly reflecting past genome polyploidization. The draft genome contains full-length coding sequences for all genes involved in both cytosolic and plastidial pathways of isoprenoid metabolism, and all terpene synthase genes previously described from lavenders. Of particular interest is the observation that the genome contains a high copy number (14 and 7, respectively) of DXS (1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase) and HDR (4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase) genes, encoding the two known regulatory steps in the plastidial isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. The latter generates precursors for the production of monoterpenes, the most abundant essential oil constituents in lavender. Furthermore, the draft genome contains a variety of monoterpene synthase genes, underlining the production of several monoterpene essential oil constituents in lavender. Taken together, these findings indicate that the genome of L. angustifolia is highly duplicated and optimized for essential oil production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".