The neurocognitive impairment associated with comorbid schizophrenia and Ptsd
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Individuals with severe mental illness report a higher incidence of trauma and PTSD than the general population. A trauma history in individuals with schizophrenia has been associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms including positive symptoms, depression, suicidality, anxiety, somatization and dissociation (Beck & van der Kolk, 1987; Craine, Henson, Colliver & MacLean, 1988; Ross, Anderson & Clark, 1994; Darves-Bornoz, & Gaillard, 1995; Holowka, King, Saheb, Pukall & Brunett, 2003; Strauss et al., 2006); The current study is among the first to examine the influence of comorbid schizophrenia and PTSD by performing comprehensive diagnostic, symptom and neurocognitive evaluations on four groups: normal controls (n = 26), a PTSD group (n = 21), a schizophrenia group (n = 26), and a group of individuals with schizophrenia and PTSD (n = 21); Participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Diagnosis (SCID). Those who met diagnostic criteria were administered a battery of tests designed to assess psychiatric symptoms (Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Schedule for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Calgary Depression Rating Scale, and the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian) and an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests in order to assess all major neurocognitive domains. It was hypothesized that the combined effects of schizophrenia and PTSD would produce greater neurocognitive impairment than either disorder when it occurred alone; Results of neurocognitive tests indicated that the schizophrenia groups performed significantly worse than the Control and PTSD groups in all neurocognitive domains. No significant differences were present between the PTSD and Control group. While the differences were not significant between the comorbid group (SZP) and the schizophrenia only group (SZ), there were some domains in which the mean performance of the SZP group was different than the means of the SZ group. The SZP group performed approximately one standard deviation poorer than the SZ group on the Attention Domain. Conversely, the SZP group scored approximately one-half of a standard deviation better than the SZ group on the Executive Domain and the Visual Learning/Memory Domain. Results of this study do not support the idea that the presence of comorbid PTSD results in increased cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, more than what might be expected in schizophrenia alone. In fact, the presence of PTSD in individuals with schizophrenia may be associated with slightly better performance in many neurocognitive domains. Results of this study do, however, suggest some areas of neurocognitive function to further investigate, including Attention, Executive Function, and Visual Memory. In conclusion, while the presence of PTSD in individuals with schizophrenia is associated with a different pattern of psychiatric symptoms, PTSD may not significantly impact neurocognitive function in a consistent manner, if at all.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".