Congenital Amusia among Young Adolescents in Kuching, Sarawak
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Congenital amusia is a lifelong neurogenetic deficit characterized by the impairment of music processing. This musical disorder was commonly known as tone-deafness in the western culture. The lack of this core musical system in the human brain concerns ~4% of the general population according to a single test study from 1980. A study in 2017 based on a larger sample population, however, presents a prevalence of congenital amusia of 1.5%. The purpose of this study was aimed to investigate the occurrence of congenital amusia among young adolescents aged 13 and 14 years in Kuching, Sarawak. The results contribute new knowledge on possible musical disorder among young adolescents across different ethnicities. On the basis of a test instrument, known as the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA), and a self-assessment questionnaire, the study compared the prevalence of congenital amusia between both age groups as well as tonal language, Chinese, and non- tonal languages namely, Malay, English, Iban and Bidayuh. The impact on the types of first languages was also studied based on the aforementioned five languages. The predictors of the MBEA test scores were also established using a set of questionnaire measuring musical experience, musical habits and musical difficulties performed on a Likert scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".