The role of F2 and F3 in the perception of liquids for Hindi and Mandarin listeners
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rhotics and laterals are often described as being separated by F3; however, recent work has described lower F2 as a distinguishing quality of rhotics. The current work examines the perception of liquids (rhotics and laterals) by Mandarin and Hindi listeners. Participants completed a forced-choice identification task on a set of 30 stimuli, manipulated from a natural Malayalam production /aɻa/ to vary systematically in F2 and F3. Listeners chose the consonant they heard from a set of approximants (/r/, /l/, /j/, and /w/ or /ʋ/). The results revealed that liquid identification was mostly confined to the mid F2 range, from 1228 Hz to 1728 Hz. Within that range, stimuli with the lowest F2 and F3 values were predominantly identified as rhotics, while those with the highest F2 and F3 values were identified as laterals. The F3 range of 1885 Hz–2135 Hz was ambiguous between rhotics and laterals. The data suggest that F2, as well as F3, plays a key role in rhotic identification, and suggest overlap in the F3 perceptual space for rhotics and laterals for Mandarin and Hindi listeners. The data suggest a complex relationship between F2 and F3 and liquid perception.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".