Long‐Lasting Poloidal ULF Waves Observed by Multiple Satellites and High‐Latitude SuperDARN Radars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Poloidal ultralow frequency (ULF) waves between 5 and 10 mHz were observed by multiple satellites and three high‐latitude Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars during the recovery phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm on 24–27 January 2016. The long‐lasting ULF waves were observed in the magnetic field and energetic particle flux perturbations during three successive passes by two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites through the dayside magnetosphere, during which plasmasphere expansion and refilling were observed by two Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms probes. The radial magnetic field oscillation was in phase (∼180° out of phase) with the northward (southward) moving proton flux oscillation at 95 keV, consistent with high‐energy drift‐bounce resonance signatures of protons with second harmonic poloidal standing Alfvén waves. The longitudinal extent of the waves approached 10 hr in local time on the dayside and gradually decreased with time. High‐time‐resolution (∼6 s) data from three high‐latitude Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars show that the wave intensification region was localized in latitude with a radial extent of ∼135–225 km in the subauroral ionosphere. No signature of these waves were observed by ground‐based magnetometers colocated with the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites suggesting that the poloidal waves were high‐ m mode and thus screened by the ionosphere. During this interval one of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms probes observed a bump‐on‐tail ion distribution at 1–3 keV, which we suggest is the source of the long‐lasting second harmonic poloidal ULF waves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".