Tetrasulfide‐Functionalized Mesoporous Silica on Nanowire Ring Resonators for Detection of Aqueous Lead, Pb(II)
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) microring resonators coated with tetrasulfide‐functionalized mesoporous silica (MPS) (S 4 ‐MPS) are reported as sensors to detect Pb(II) ions in aqueous solutions from 10 ppb to 1 ppm. The sensors are based on the interaction of the evanescent field of the guided light with the functionalized mesoporous silica films. Upon absorption of metal ions, the resonant wavelengths of the microresonators shift due to the increased refractive index of the film. The sensors are exposed to aqueous solutions of Pb(II) ions at different concentrations and time‐resolved absorption–desorption curves are obtained. The concentrations of Pb(II) ions are determined using the Lorentz–Lorenz model. It is found that two distinct binding sites with different affinities for Pb(II) are present in the S 4 ‐MPS silica films, corresponding to tetrasulfide groups and, likely, silanol groups. The number of available binding sites corresponds to 1/25 of the total number of S 4 ‐groups. Equilibrium constants for absorption of Pb(II) to both binding sites are obtained from the rate constants for the absorption and desorption processes. The initial absorption rates depend linearly on the concentration of Pb(II) and are used to determine the 3σ limit of detection as 58 ppb m in deionized water and 350 ppb m in tap water.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it