How Do External Interdependencies Work? The Example of Geopolitics and Democracy in Poland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Background of Political Transformation: The Changing Faces of GlobalizationThere is no alternative to the development of external interdependencies in the era of globalization.An alternative was even less conceivable when Poland switched from Communism to Western-style capitalism in the course of political transformation that began in 1989.Globalization projects may differ in terms of their institutional and ideological context, but they share common foundations, namely the objectively increasing interdependencies caused by the scientific and technical revolution; particularly apparent in the field of information and communication technologies, the growing openness of economic markets, soaring social expectations of mobility -especially the mobility of human resources -as well as the readiness to coexist with fellow humans that represent diverse cultures.Even in conditions of partial de-globalization -resulting from the protectionist economic policy of governments like the Trump administration -nobody really regards the idea of reversing the globalization trend as realistic or rational.Only those who hoped that globalization -albeit exclusively neoliberal!-would imminently diminish the importance of the nation-state are bitterly disappointed, given that the process merely redefined our understanding of the latter notion.From the empirical point of view, let us first state that the version of globalization known from the 1980s and the 1990s -based on "the falling costs of transportation and communication, along with a raft of new multilateral free-trade agreements" -becomes a thing of the past, steadily replaced with a new variant founded on "digital technology ... increasingly led by China and other emerging economies," as Susan Lund and Laura Tyson explain (Tyson and Lund, 2018, p. 130,131).This thought will need clari-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".