The passage of bubbles rising through a confining rectangular geometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rising bubble systems are used and investigated in a wide variety of industrial applications. However, the influence of strong confinement in rectangular flow regions has received little attention. An experimental study is undertaken here on a flow channel that allows the passage of bubbles from a region that can be modelled as two parallel plates into a region of rectangular confinement. The effect of a co-flow of a water/glycerol mixture on bubble size and rising velocity in the two confined regions for a wide variety of size ranges is investigated using particle shadow velocimetry. In the parallel plate region, as bubbles become larger in size, their terminal velocity increases due to the relatively higher buoyancy force and negligible effects of the confining geometry, compared to smaller bubble sizes. On entering the rectangular confinement, however, bubbles of relatively large size decelerate to a much lower terminal velocity due to the drag force expressed by the confining walls. Available models in the literature for predicting bubble terminal velocity through circular tubes and parallel plates were evaluated and showed poor predictive performance. To address this gap, a semi-empirical model for the bubble terminal velocity in a rectangular geometry is developed, based on the experimental data, to predict this motion. This model includes the effect of bubble size, fluid medium properties, net co-flow, and confinement geometry. The curious phenomenon of the threshold size of a bubble, which maintains a constant velocity through both geometries, is then predicted using the model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".