Detection of bubble movements via wave phase conjugation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wave Phase Conjugation (WPC) means reversing the propagation of waves so that initial spatial distributions of amplitudes and phases are conserved. One of the methods to conjugate ultrasonic waves is to modulate the speed of sound in a solid conjugator by an alternating electromagnetic field. The detection of bubble motions in a fluid to be considered in this work is among potentially interesting and omnipresent WPC applications in industry. As the ultrasonic waves have short wavelengths, high-order in space and time numerical methods are required for modeling. In this work, a modified version of the Nodal Discontinuous Galerkin method, which is based on the non-collocated solution and flux bases, is implemented for wave propagation in solids and liquids (for both linear and non-linear flow regimes) in an axisymmetric geometry. Being assured of the accuracy and performance of the numerical technique by evaluating some representative test cases, the detection of bubble motion and growth in a flow field using WPC is simulated with the inclusion of all elements of the WPC process: the transducer, the conjugator, and the bubbly liquid itself. The developed methodology and results can be used to design and improve measurement devices based on the WPC phenomenon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".