Humic substances reduce ruminal methane production and increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis <i>in vitro</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND In ruminants, enteric CH4 represents a major energy loss for the host and is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. Previous studies have shown that humic substances (HS) may have beneficial effects on livestock nutrition. The present study investigated the effects of HS on in vitro CH4 production and rumen fermentation. RESULTS Total gas production was linearly increased with increasing HS after 12 h of incubation, although it was unaffected after 24 and 48 h. Increasing HS linearly decreased CH4 at all time points. Increasing HS linearly decreased NH3‐N concentration and the molar proportion of acetate at 12 h, whereas the efficiency of microbial protein (MP) production and total dry matter digestibility (TDMD) linearly increased, with starch digestion (SD) responding quadratically. After 48 h, HS linearly increased MP and TDMD, with neutral detergent fibre digestibility responding quadratically. CONCLUSION Inclusion of HS effectively reduced CH4 production and increased substrate disappearance and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in vitro. However, its effect on in vivo CH4 production, rumen fermentation and ruminant production requires further investigation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".