Phylogenetic trends and environmental correlates of nuclear genome size variation in <i>Helianthus</i> sunflowers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flowering plants serve as a powerful model for studying the evolution of nuclear genome size (GS) given the tremendous GS variation that exists both within and across angiosperm lineages. Helianthus sunflowers consist of c. 50 species native to North America that occupy diverse habitats and vary in ploidy level. In the current study, we generated a comprehensive GS database for 49 Helianthus species using flow cytometric approaches. We examined variability across the genus and present a comparative phylogenetic analysis of GS evolution in diploid Helianthus species. Results demonstrated that different clades of diploid Helianthus species showed evolutionary patterns of GS contraction, expansion and relative stasis, with annual diploid species evolving smaller GS with the highest rate of evolution. Phylogenetic comparative analyses of diploids revealed significant negative associations of GS with temperature seasonality and cell production rate, indicating that the evolution of larger GS in Helianthus diploids may be more permissible in habitats with longer growing seasons where selection for more rapid growth may be relaxed. The Helianthus GS database presented here and corresponding analyses of environmental and phenotypic correlates will facilitate ongoing and future research on the ultimate drivers of GS evolution in this well-studied North American plant genus.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".