Influence of light on sound production behaviors in the emerald ash borer, <i> <scp>A</scp> grilus planipennis </i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Recent research has demonstrated that the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), uses visual and chemical cues when locating potential mates and host trees. Here, we present the first evidence of the production of possible acoustic cues generated by adult males and females. We demonstrate for the first time that simultaneous wing opening and head ‘pumping’ in both males and females produce specific and distinct sounds. Acoustic recordings demonstrate that these sounds consist of a phrase comprising a ‘click’ generated by wing opening, followed by two separate chirps corresponding to the outward and subsequent inward movement of the head. Mean primary and secondary chirp durations were 0.332 ± 0.038 and 0.414 ± 0.046 s for males and 0.414 ± 0.046 and 0.389 ± 0.032 s for females, respectively. Overall mean phrase durations were 0.905 ± 0.114 s in males and 1.133 ± 0.133 s in females. Mean maximum phrase frequencies were 8 706.1 ± 141.1 and 7 885.0 ± 499.2 Hz in males and females, respectively. There were no significant differences in sound parameters between males and females. To determine whether these events were related to mating pair formation, we observed the occurrence of these events in adults paired with either another male or female and lone adults, and observed the number of mating pairs in copula formed during or shortly after sound production by either of the mating party. The mean number of sound‐generating events per min was significantly greater in males paired with females (0.75 ± 0.15) and/or other males (0.55 ± 0.23) vs. unpaired males (0.14 ± 0.06). Conversely, the mean number of sound‐producing events for lone females (1.4 ± 0.2) was significantly greater than for females paired with either males (0.49 ± 0.18) or other females (0.38 ± 0.10). No mating pairs in copula were formed during any of our observations. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the presence of possible pars stridens and plectrum structures on the ventral surfaces of the gula and pronotum in both males and females. Furthermore, we observed that the proportion of males and females exhibiting these specific behaviors were significantly greater under both halogen and incandescent light than under darkness, signifying the importance of light source or type on the production of acoustic signals. Although we did not find evidence of these behaviors being related to the courtship sequence, our results indicate the presence of a previously undescribed sound‐generation behavior in A. planipennis that is significantly influenced by light conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".