Landau Level Spectroscopy by Optical Vortex Beam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The optical vortex beam carries the orbital angular momentum \(\ell \) in addition to the spin angular momentum σ. We propose that the existence of finite \(\ell \) is demonstrated through modified selection rules for absorption processes of the optical vortex by the Landau-quantized two-dimensional electron gas. We show that the lowest Laudau level electrons absorb the optical vortex beams with σ = 1 (positive helicity) and \(\ell = 0\) or σ = −1 (negative helicity) and \(\ell = 2\). This means that the intrinsic spin (helicity) and the orbital angular momentum of the optical vortex are tied to each other in the absorption processes. It is also shown that the electric currents induced by the optical vortex are distributed along the edge of the sample. Reflecting the spatial profile of the optical vortex beam, the induced current disappears when the dark rings of the beam coincide with the circular edge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".