A Blackout caused by Multiple Lightning Strikes to a Lightly-loaded Interconnection Consisting of Three 500 kV Power Lines in a Joint Corridor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blackouts usually occur when a heavily-loaded transmission interconnection is subjected to a disturbance that pushes it over the stability limit. In this case, a blackout was caused by multiple lightning strikes to a transmission link consisting of three parallel 500 kV power lines carrying a small fraction of their rated load. The incident caused the islanding of seven power stations, the shedding of 663 MW of generation, a regional blackout in British Columbia, Canada that affected 34,500 customers and damage to the equipment of a major customer. One of the subject lines experienced a double line-to-ground fault, and the other two lines experienced single line-to-ground faults. It took about 3.25 hours to end the blackout and totally restore the system to its pre-outage condition. The following unusual phenomena were encountered during this incident: a) 9 Hz ferroresonance currents that triggered the relay of the shunt reactor bank of the 500 kV line which experienced the double line-to-ground fault, and; b) Ferranti Effect overvoltages that reached 148% at the remote end of a chain of 138 kV & 230 kV lightly-loaded lines that became electrically connected in series, with no voltage control at the intermediate points. This paper gives a review of both this incident and a prior unreported one which also caused a regional blackout and presents the lessons learned from them.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".