A Blackout caused by Multiple Lightning Strikes to a Lightly-loaded Interconnection Consisting of Three 500 kV Power Lines in a Joint Corridor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Blackouts usually occur when a heavily-loaded transmission interconnection is subjected to a disturbance that pushes it over the stability limit. In this case, a blackout was caused by multiple lightning strikes to a transmission link consisting of three parallel 500 kV power lines carrying a small fraction of their rated load. The incident caused the islanding of seven power stations, the shedding of 663 MW of generation, a regional blackout in British Columbia, Canada that affected 34,500 customers and damage to the equipment of a major customer. One of the subject lines experienced a double line-to-ground fault, and the other two lines experienced single line-to-ground faults. It took about 3.25 hours to end the blackout and totally restore the system to its pre-outage condition. The following unusual phenomena were encountered during this incident: a) 9 Hz ferroresonance currents that triggered the relay of the shunt reactor bank of the 500 kV line which experienced the double line-to-ground fault, and; b) Ferranti Effect overvoltages that reached 148% at the remote end of a chain of 138 kV & 230 kV lightly-loaded lines that became electrically connected in series, with no voltage control at the intermediate points. This paper gives a review of both this incident and a prior unreported one which also caused a regional blackout and presents the lessons learned from them.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".