Study of SCA‐Induced Rock Crack Propagation under Different Stress Conditions Using a Modified Cohesive Element Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When inducing cracks, soundless cracking agents (SCAs) do not generate vibration, harmful gas, dust, nor flying rock fragment, making them suitable for hard rock roof breaking, rock burst prevention, oil or gas reservoir stimulation, and building demolition. In this study, SCA‐induced crack initiation and propagation in different stress conditions were modelled using a modified cohesive element method. A new traction‐separation law for describing rock compressive shear strength was proposed. The crack length and direction in bidirectional isobaric and unequal stress fields were analyzed in detail. The crack initiation pressure and the incremental ratio of crack length to SCA expansion pressure were proposed as two indicators to evaluate the difficulty in rock breaking in deep underground. Results indicate that (1) the modified cohesive element method used in this study is feasible to model crack propagation in deep rocks; (2) the maximum expansion pressure of SCAs depends on rock elastic modulus and geostress field and should be measured under a condition similar to deep underground prior to SCA borehole spacing design; when using the SCAs with a maximum expansion pressure of 100 MPa in 600 m underground, the suggested borehole spacing is less than 220 mm; and (3) σ3 dominates the crack initiation pressure while the principal stress ratio σ3/σ1 and notch direction control the direction of crack propagation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".